Anatomy

Anatomy 25

Anatomy 25 - Muscles/Gross Anatomy M. J. Malachowski, Ph.D

Muscle

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Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Action
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Buccinator	Alveolar process of the mandible and maxillary bone.	Orbicularis oris and skin at the angle of the mouth	Compresses cheek; pulls corner of the mouth laterally
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Corrugator	Frontal bone lateral to the glabella	Skin of the eyebrows	Draws the eyebrows together; as in frowning
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Frontalis	Galea aponeurotica	Skin and muscles of the forehead	Raises the eyebrows; wrinkles the skin of the forehead.
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Occipitalis	Occipital bone	Galea aponeurontica	Draws the scalp posteriorly
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Depressor angular oris	Body of the mandible below the mental foramen	Skin and muscles of the angle of the mouth	Pulls angle of the mouth down
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Depressor labii inferioris	Body of the mandible between the symphysis and the mental foramen	Skin and muscles of the lower lip	Pulls the lower lip downward
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Zygomaticus	Zygomatic bone	Skin and muscle above angle of the mouth	Raise angle of mouth
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Levator labii superioris	Lower margin of orbit	Skin and muscles of the upper lip and wing of the nose	Raises the upper lip and dilates the nares
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Mentalis	Mandible; near the symphysis	Skin of the chin	Raises and protrudes the lower lip
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Orbicularis oculi	Frontal and maxillary bones; ligament around the orbit	Circles the orbit and extends within the eyelids	Closes the eyelids; tightens the skin of the forehead
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Orbicularis oris	Muscles surrounding the mouth	Skin surrounding the mouth	Closes and protrudes the lips
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Platysma	Fascia over the pectoralis major and the deltoid muscles	Lower border of the mandible and the skin of chin and cheek	Depresses the mandible; draws the angle of the mouth downward
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Procerus	Lower portion of the nasal bone; upper lateral nasal cartilage	Skin between the eyebrows	Wrinkles the skin between the eyebrows
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Temporalis	Temporal fossa	Coronoid process and ramus of the mandible	Raises the mandible; closes the jaw; retracts the mandible
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Masseter	Zygomatic arch	Angle and ramus of the mandible	Raises the mandible; closing the jaw
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Sternocleidomastoid	Sternum and clavicle	Mastoid process of the temporal bone	Flexes the head
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Erector spinae group	Various along length of spine	Various along length of spine	Extend the vertebral column and head; bend and rotate head and vertebral column
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Diaphragm	The xiphoid process; inner surfaces of lower six ribs and lumbar vertbrae	Central tendon of the diaphragm	Pulls central tendon downward;increases size thoracic cavity
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External intercostals	Inferior border of the ribs and costal cartilages	Superior borders of the ribs below the rib of origin	Draws the ribs together; aids inhalation
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Internal intercostals	Inferior border of ribs and costa cartilages	Superior borders of rib below the rib of origin	Draws ribs together; aids exhalation
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Subcostales	Inner surface of ribs; near angle	Inner surface of the second & third rib below rib of origin	Draws ribs together to aid expiration
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Transversus thoracis	Inner surface of the sternum and the xiphoid process	Inner surface of the costal cartilages	Draws anterior portion of rib cage down to aid expiration
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External oblique	External surface of lower eight ribs	Linea alba and the anterior half of the iliac crest	Compresses the abdominopelvic cavity; flexes and rotates the vertebral column
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Internal oblique	Inguinal ligament; iliac crest; and lumbodorsal fascia	Linea alba and the anterior half of the iliac crest	Compresses the abdominopelvic cavity; flexes and rotates the vertebral column
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Transversus abdominis	Inguinal ligament; iliac crest lumbodorsal fascia; and the costal cartilages of the last six ribs	Linea alba and pubic crest	Compresses the abdominopelvic cavity
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Rectus abdominis	Pubic crest	Xiphoid process and costal cartilages of ribs 5 through 7	Compresses the abdominopelvic cavity and flexes the vertebral column
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Quadratus lumborum	Iliac crest; and iliolumbar ligament	Lower border of rib 12; transverse process of upper lumbar vertebrae	Pulls thoracic cage to pelvis; bends the vertebral column laterally
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Trapezius	Occipital bone; ligamentum nuchia; spinous processes of C7 and T1 to T12	Lateral third of the clavicle; acromion process; scapula spine	Elevates; depresses rotates; adducts; and stabilizes scapula
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Rhomboideus major	Spinous process of T2 to T5	Scapular vertebral border and spine	Adduct; stabilize; and rotate the scapula lowering lateral angle
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Romboideus minor	Spinous process of C7 and T1	Scapular vertebral and base of spine	Adduct; stabilize; and rotate the scapula lowering lateral angle
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Levator scapulae	Transverse process of C1 to C4	Scapular vertebral border above spine	Elevates scapula and bends neck laterally
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Pectoralis minor	Anterior surface of ribs 3 to 5	Coracoid process of the scapula	Depresses scapula and pulls it anteriorly
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Seratus anterior	Outer surface of first nine ribs	Entire length of the ventral surface of scapular vertebral border	Stabilizes; abducts; and rotates scapula upwards
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Pectoralis major	Medial half of clavicle; sternum; costal cartilages; ribs 1 to 6; & aponeurosis of external oblique	Greater tubercle of humerus	Flexes; adducts; and medially rotates the arm.
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Latissimus dorsi	Spinous process of T7 to L5; sacrum; posterior iliac crest	Medial margin of intertubercular groove of the humerus	Extends; adducts; and medially rotates the arm
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Deltoid	Lateral third of clavicle; acromion process; and spine of scapula	Deltoid tuberosity of the humerus	Abducts; medially rotates; extends; and laterally rotates the arm
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Supraspinatus	Supraspinatus fossa of scapula	Greater tubercle of humerus	Abducts and lateral rotates arm
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Infraspinatus	Infraspinatus fossa of scapula	Greater tubercle of humerus (posterior to supraspinatus)	Lateral rotation and adduction
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Subscapularis	Subscapular fossa of scapula	Lesser tubercle of humerus	Rotates the arm medially
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Teres major	Dorsal surface of inferior angle of scapula	Lesser tubercle of humerus	Adducts; extends; and medially rotates arm
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Teres minor	Axillary border of scapula	Greater tubercle (posterior to infraspinatus	Rotates arm laterally; weak adduction and extension
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Coracobrachialis	Coracoid process of scapula	Middle of humerus	Flexes and adducts arm
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Biceps brachii	L.H. supraglenoid tubercle of scapula S.H. coracoid process	Tuberosity of radius	Flexes forearm and arm; supinates forearm
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Brachialis	Anterior surface of distal half of humerus	Coronoid process of ulna	Flexes forearm
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Triceps brachii	L.H. Infraglenoid tubercle of scapula	Olecranon process of ulna	Extends forearm
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	Lat. H. Posterior surface of humerus above radial groove
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	Med. H. Posterior surface of humerus below radial groove
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Brachioradialis	Lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus	Styloid process of the radius	Flexes forearm
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Pronator quadratus	Medial surface of distal portion of ulna	Anterolateral surface of distal portion of radius	Pronates forearm by lateral rotation at radioulnar joints
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Pronator teres	Medial epicondyle of humerus and coronoid process of ulna	Distal lateral surface of radius	Pronates forearm by lateral rotation at radioulnar joints
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Supinator	Lateral epicondyl of humerus and ulna	Anterolateral surface of radius distal to the radial tuberosity	Supinates forearm by medial rotation at radioulnar joints
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Flexor carpi radialis	Medial epicondyle of humerus	Bases of 2nd and 3rd metacarpal bones	Flexes and abducts wrist
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Flexor carpi ulnaris	Medial epicondyl of humerus; adjacent medial surface of olecranon and anteromedial portion of ulna	Pisiform, hamate, and base of 5th metacarpal bone	Flexes and adducts wrist
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Palmaris longus	Medial epicondyle of humerus	Palmar aponeurosis and flexor retinaculum	Flexes wrist
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Extensor carpi radialis longus	Lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus	Base of 2nd metacarpal bone	Extends and abducts wrist
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Extensor carpi radialis brevis	Lateral epicondyle of humerus	Base of 3rd metacarpal bone	Extends and abducts wrist
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Extensor carpi ulnaris	Later epicondyle of humerus; adjacent dorsal surface of ulna	Base of 5th metacarpal bone	Extends and abducts wrist
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Abductor pollicis longus	Proximal dorsal surfaces of ulna and radius	Lateral margin of 1st metacarpal bone	Abducts thumb; abducts wrist
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Extensor digitorum	Lateral epicondyle of humerus	Posterior surfaces of the phalanges, fingers 2-5	Extension at joints of fingers and wrist
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Extensor pollicis brevis	Shaft of radius distal to origin of adductor pollicis longus	Base of proximal phalanx of thumb	Extends joint of thumb, abducts wrist
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Extensor pollicis longus	Posterior and lateral surfaces of ulna and interosseous membrane	Base of distal phalanx of thumb	Extends joint of thumb, abducts wrist
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Extensor indicis	Posterior surface of ulna and interosseous membrane	Posterior surface of phalanges of index (2nd) finger, with tendon of extensor digitorum	Extension at joints of index finger; adducts index finger
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Extensor digiti minimi	Via extensor tendon to lateral epicondyle of humerus, and from intermuscular septa	Posterior surface of proximal phalanx of little finger	Extends joints of little finger
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Flexor digitorum superficialis	Medial epicondyle of humerus; adjacent anterior surfaces of ulna and radius	Midlateral surfaces of middle phalanges of finger 2-5	Flexes joints of fingers, specifically middle phalanx on proximal phalanx, flexes wrist
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Flexor digitorum profundus	Medial and posterior surfaces of ulna, medial surface of coronoid process, and interosseous membrane	Bases of distal phalanges of fingers 2-5	Flexes joints of distal phalanges and, to a lesser degree, those of other phalanges and wrist
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Flexor pollicis longus	Anterior shaft of radius and interosseous membrane.	Base of distal phalanx of thumb	Flexes joints of thumb

Psoas major	Anterior surfaces and transverse processes of T12-L5	Lesser trochanter in company with iliacus	Flexes hip and lumbar spine
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Iliacus	Iliac fossa of ilium	Femur distal to lesser trochanter and with psoas	Flexes hip and lumbar spine
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Gluteus maximus	Iliac crest of ilium; sacrum; coccyx; and lumbodorsal fascia	Iliotibial tract and gluteal tuberosity of femur	Extends and laterally rotates thigh
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Gluteus medius	Anterior iliac crest of ilium;lateral surface between posterior and anterior gluteal lines	Greater trochanter of femur	Abducts and medially rotates thigh
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Gluteus minimus	Lateral surface of ilium between inferior and anterior gluteal lines	Greater trochanter of femur	Abducts and medially rotates thigh
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Piriformis	Anterolateral surface of sacrum	Greater trochanter of femur	Laterally rotates and abducts thigh
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Quadratus femoris	Lateral border of ischial tuberosity	Intertrochanteric crest of femur	Laterally rotates thigh
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Biceps femoris	Ischial tuberosity and linea aspera of femur	Head of fibula; lateral condyle of tibia	Flexes knee; extends and laterally rotates thigh
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Semitendinosus	Ischial tuberosity	Proximal; medial surface of tibia	Flexes knee; medially rotates leg; and extends hip
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Semimembranosus	Ischial tuberosity	Posterior surface of medial condyle of tibia	Flexes knee; medially rotates leg; and extends hip
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Popliteus	Lateral condyle of femur	Posterior surface of proximal tibial shaft	Medially rotates tibia (or laterally rotates femur) at the knee
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Tensor fasciae latae	Iliac crest and lateral surface of anterior superior iliac spine	Iliotibial tract	Flexes; abducts; and medially rotates thigh; laterially support knee
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Sartorius	Anterior superior iliac spine	Medial surface of tibia near tibial tuberosity	Flexes knee; flexes hip; and laterally rotates thigh
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Rectus femoris	Anterior inferior iliac spine and superior acetabular rim of ilium	Tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament	Extends knee; flexes thigh
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Vastus lateralis	Anterior and inferior to greater trochanter of femur and along linea aspera	Tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament	Extends knee
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Vastus intermedius	Anterior and lateral surfaces of proximal femur shaft	Tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament	Extends knee
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Vastus medialis	Entire length of linea aspera of femur	Tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament	Extends knee; stabilize patella
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Gracilis	Inferior ramus of pubis	Medial surface of tibia inferior to medial condyle	Flexes leg; adducts and medially rotates thigh
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Adductor brevis	Inferior ramus of pubis	Linea aspera of femur	Adducts; medially rotates; and flexes thigh
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Adductor magnus	Inferior ramus of pubis	Linear aspera and adductor tubercle of femur	Adducts thigh; rotation and extension
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Adductor longus	Inferior ramus of pubis	Linea aspera of femur	Adducts; flexes; and medially rotates thigh
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Gastrocnemius	Femoral condyles	Calcaneus via calcaneal tendon	Plantar flexes; inverts; and adducts foot; flexes knee
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Soleus	Head and proximal shaft of fibula; and adjacent posteromedial shaft of tibia	Calcaneus via calcaneal tendon	Plantar flexes; inverts; and adducts foot
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Peroneus longus	Lateral condyle of tibia; head and proximal shaft of fibula	Base of 1 st metatarsal bone and medial cuneiform bone	Everts and plantar flexes foot; supports longitudinal arch
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Peroneus brevis	Midlateral margin of fibula	Base of 5 th metatarsal bone	Everts and plantar flexes foot
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Tibialis posterior	Interosseous membrane and adjecent shafts of tibia and fibula	Tarsal and metatarsal bones	Adducts; inverts; and plantar flexes foot
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Tibialis anterior	Lateral condyle and proximal shaft of tibia	Base of 1 st metatarsal bone and medial cuneiform bone	Dorsiflexes and inverts foot
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Flexor digitorum longus	Posteromedial surface of tibia	Inferior surfaces of distal phalanges, toes 2-5	Flexes joints of toes 2-5
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Flexor hallucis longus	Posterior surface of fibula	Inferior surface, distal phalanx of great toe	Flexes joints of great toe
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Extensor digitorum longus	Lateral condyle of tibia, anterior surface of fibula	Superior surfaces of phalanges, toes 2-5	Extends joints of toes 2-5
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Extensor hallucis longus	Anterior surface of fibula	Superior surface, distal phalanx of great toe	Extends joints of great toe
Urogenital Triangle Superficial Bulbospongiosus Male	Collagen sheath at base of penis; fibers cross over urethra	Median raphe and central tendon of perineum	Compresses base, stiffens penis, ejects urine or semen
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Female	Collagen sheath at base of clitoris; fibers run on either side of urethral and vaginal openings	Central tendon of perineum	Compresses and stiffens clitoris, narrows vaginal opening
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Ischiocavernosus	Ramus and tuberosity of ischium	Symphysis pubis anterior to base of penis or clitoris	Compresses and stiffens penis or clitoris
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Superficial transverse perineus	Ischial ramus	Central tendon of perineum	Stabilizes central tendon of perineum
Deep Muscles: urogenital diaphragm
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Deep transverse perineus	Ischial ramus	Median raphe of urogenital diaphragm	Stabilizes central tendon of perineum
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Urethral sphincter: Male	Ischial and pubic rami	To median raphe at base of penis; inner fibers encircle urethra	Closes urethra, compresses prostate and bulbourethral glands
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Female	Ischial and pubic rami	To median raphe; inner fibers encircle urethra	Closes urethra, compresses vagina and greater vestibular glands
Anal Triangle Coccygeus	Ischial spine	Lateral, inferior borders of the sacrum	Flexes coccyx and coccygeal vertebrae
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External anal sphincter	Via tendon from coccyx	Encircles anal opening	Closes anal opening
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Levator ani: Iliococcygeus	Ischial spine, pubis	Coccyx and median raphe	Tenses floor of pelvis, supports pelvic organs, flexes coccyx, elevates and retracts anus
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Pubococcygeus	Inner margins of pubis	Coccyx and median	Tenses floor of pelvis, supports pelvic organs, flexes coccyx, elevates and retracts anus