Anatomical Orientation

• Anatomy - Study of body structure
• Physiology - Study of body function
• Cytology - Study of cells
• Histology - Study of tissue
• Embryology - Study of development
• Pathology - study of diseased Tissue
• Gross Anatomy - Study of large (visible) structure
• Microscopic Anatomy - Study of small, microscopic, structures
• Surface Anatomy - Study of the body from the outside
• Cephalic/Superior - Top of head
• Caudal - End of tail
• Inferior - Soles of the feet
• Body Axis - Top of head to groin
• Medial axis - Main superior-inferior axis through the midline
• Ventral/anterior - Front, belly
• Dorsal/posterior - Back
• Lateral - To the side
• Medial - Towards the middle
• Proximal - Limbs/appendages - towards the trunk
• Distal - Away from the trunk
• Dorsum/Palmar - Back and front of hand
• Dorsum and plantar - Top and sole of foot
• Supine - Face up
• Prone - Face down
• Superficial - Surface
• Deep - Below the surface, deeper

• Transverse -

  Cut perpendicular, at right angle to the body axis

• Midsagittal -

  Cut along body axis, left and right mirror images

• Parasagittal -

  Cut parallel to midsagittal plane

• Frontal/Coronal -

  Cut along body axis separating front and back

Systemic - Typically 10

• Integumentary
• Skeletal
• Muscular
• Nervous
• Endocrine
• Cardiovascular
• Urinary (Urogenital)
• Gastrointestinal
• Respiratory
• Reproductive

Regional

• Axial portion - Head, neck, and trunk
• Appendicular - Limbs - arms and legs

Trunk/torso - Thorax, abdomen, and pelvis

Cavities

Dorsal cavity

- Central Nervous System (CNS)

• Cranial Cavity - Brain
• Vertebral Canal - Spinal cord

Ventral Cavity

- Visceral (w/scrotal)
Membrane covered organ systems

• Thoracic - Chest, above the diaphragm, contains
  • Pleural Cavity - Lungs
  • Pericardial Cavity - Heart
  • Mediastinum
• Abdominopelvic - below the diaphragm
  • Abdomen -
    • Digestive system - Peritoneal Cavity
      • Stomach
      • Small intestine
      • Some large intestine
      • Liver
      • Pancreas
    • Spleen
    • Kidneys
    • Ureters
  • Pelvic -
    • Some large intestine
    • Rectum
    • Urinary bladder
    • Female reproductive organs

• Sinuses
  • Frontal
  • Sphenoid
  • Ethmoidal
  • Maxillary
• Orbital Cavity
• Nasal Cavity
• Oral Cavity
• Middle Ear Cavity

• Parietal - Outside
• Visceral - Surrounding organ

  Organs

• Lungs - pleura

  Pleural cavity is located between parietal and visceral membranes

• Heart - pericardium

  Pericardial cavity

• Abdominal pelvic - peritoneum

  Peritoneal Cavity

Mucous membranes

• Moist epithelial tissue
• Line systems which open to the exterior

Locations

• Digestive
• Respiratory
• Urinary
• Reproductive

Absorptive and Secretory

Three Layers

1. Top layer
   • Stratified squamous
   • Simple columnar
   • Goblet cells
2. Middle layer
   • Loose areolar Connective Tissue
   • (CT)(basement membrane / Lamina propria)
3. Bottom layer
   • Smooth muscle
   • (muscularis mucosae)

Secrete Mucus - thick and viscous fluid

Serous Membranes

• - Same status/constant environment
• - Regulation of our internal environment; necessary for the cells of the body to survive and function
  • Temperature
  • Pressure
  • Humidity
  • Nutrients
  • Gases
  • Ions
  • Chemicals
• Basis of physiology

• Atom
• Molecule
• Organelle
• Cell
• Tissue
• Organ
• Organ system
• Organism